After
Singhasari away with ease overall Java in 1290, which increase the
power Singhasari concern Kublai Khan in China and he sent an embassy to
demand tribute. Kertanegara
of Singhasari Singhasari monarch refused to pay tribute and send off an
expedition to punish Khan, who arrived on the coast of Java in 1293. At that time, a rebel from Kediri named Jayakatwang been killed Kertanegara of Singhasari.
Kertarajasa or Raden Wijaya, the son-in-law Kertanagara, then allied with the Mongols to fight Jayakatwang. After Jayakatwang defeated, Raden Wijaya allied Mongolnya backfired, forcing them pull back its troops are chaotic.
In the year 1293, Raden Wijaya was also built in the territory Pull the fief, Sidoarjo, with its center of Majapahit named. He was crowned with the official name Kertarajasa Jayawarddhana.
Majapahit glory
Most of the Majapahit ruler was Hayam Wuruk, who ruled from 1350 until 1389. At the time, the Majapahit palace thought to have moved to Trowulan (now in Mojokerto region).
Gajah Mada, a grand vizier and regent of Majapahit from 1331 to 1364, extending the imperial power to the surrounding islands. In the year 1377, for a few years after Gajah Mada's death, the Majapahit navy occupying Palembang, conquered the last monarchy
Sriwijaya.
According
Kakawin Nagarakretagama Canto XIII-XV, Majapahit territory covers
almost as wide as a modern Indonesian territory, including areas of
Sumatra in the west and in the eastern part of Maluku and Papua
(Wanin), and several Southeast Asian countries.
However,
natural and economic constraints indicate that the areas of power does
not seem to be centralized under the authority of Majapahit, but
connected to each other by trading that may be a monopoly by the king. Majapahit
also has a relationship with Campa, Cambodia, Siam, southern Burma, and
Vietnam, and even send dutanya ambassador to China.
The fall of Majapahit
After reaching its peak in the 14th century, Majapahit's power gradually weakened.
Apparently civil war (Paregreg War) in 1405-1406, between Wirabhumi against Wikramawardhana. Similarly, the king has been turnover in the dispute of 1450, and the great rebellion launched by a nobleman in the year 1468.
In Javanese tradition there is a kronogram or candrasengkala which reads Sirna ilang kretaning earth. Sengkala This is said in the end of Majapahit and should be read as 0041, the year of Saka 1400, or 1478 AD. Sengkala meaning is "gone gone prosperity of the earth". However,
the truth is illustrated by the death of candrasengkala Bre Kertabumi,
the 11th king of Majapahit, the Girindrawardhana.
When Majapahit was founded, Muslim traders and the propagator of religion had begun to enter the archipelago. In the late 14th century and early 15th century, Majapahit's influence throughout the archipelago began to decrease. At
the same time, a new trading empire based on Islam, the Sultanate of
Malacca, began to appear in the western part of the archipelago.
Historical
records from China, Portugal, and Italy indicated that there was a
transfer of power from the hands of the Majapahit Hindu ruler into the
hands of the Duke of Unus, the ruler of the Sultanate of Demak, between
the years 1518 and 1521 AD
Culture.
The capital of Majapahit in Trowulan a large and famous city with great religious festival held every year. Buddhism,
Shiva, and Vaishnava (devotee of Vishnu) is embraced by residents of
Majapahit, and the king is considered both incarnations of Buddha,
Shiva, and Vishnu. Nagarakertagama not mention the existence of Islam, but there seems to be a member of the royal family of Muslims at that time.
* Although the bricks have been used in temples in the past, the architect of the most skilled Majapahitlah use. Majapahit temples of good quality by utilizing geometric tree sap and sugar and red wine as a brick adhesive. Examples of Majapahit temple can still be found today is the Temple of the Rat and the Temple Bajangratu in Trowulan.
Economy
Majapahit was an agricultural country and the country as well as trade. Majapahit
had their own officials to deal with traders from India and China who
settled in the capital of the kingdom as well as many other places in
the area of Majapahit in Java.
According
to Wang Ta-yuan, China traders, commodity exports at that time Java was
pepper, salt, cloth, and older brother birds, while commodity imports
are pearls, gold, silver, silk, ceramics, and metal goods. Currency is made from a mixture of silver, tin, lead, and copper. Also,
note Odorico da Pordenone, Roman Catholic monk from Italy who visited
Java in 1321, said that the Javanese royal palace filled with gold
jewelry, silver, and jewels.
Governance structure
Majapahit
government structure and composition of the regular bureaucracy during
the reign of Hayam Wuruk, and apparently the structure and bureaucracy
has not changed much during the development of history. King is considered as the incarnation of gods in the world and he held the highest political authority.
Bureaucrats
King
assisted by a number of officials in implementing the government
bureaucracy, with his sons and close relatives of the king has a high
position. King's command is usually derived
to the officials below, among others, namely:
* Rakryan Mahamantri Katrini, usually held the sons of kings
* Ri Rakryan Mantri Pakira thought, council of government ministers who carry out
* Dharmmadhyaksa, officials of religious law
* Dharmma-upapatti, religious officials
In ri Pakira Mantri Rakryan thought that there was an important official of Patih Rakryan Mapatih or Hamangkubhumi. These officials can be said as prime minister who shared the king can participate in the implementation of government policy. In addition, there are also
Such royal advisory council whose members are the king's relatives, who called Bhattara Saptaprabhu.
Zoning
Under the Majapahit king there are a number of local kings, who called liege Bhattara.
They
are usually a relative or a close relative of the king and in charge of
collecting royal revenue, the delivery of tribute, and the defense
kingdom in each region.
In
Pitu Wingun Inscription (1447 AD) stated that the rule of Majapahit was
divided into 14 regions subordinates, led by someone who Bhre title. Subordinate areas are:
* Daha
* Jagaraga
* Kabalan
* Kahuripan
* Keling
* Kelinggapura
* Flower Jenar
* Matahun
* Pajang
* Singhapura
* Tanjungpura
* Tumapel
* Wengker
* Wirabumi
Majapahit kings
Here is a list of rulers of Majapahit. Note
that there is a gap between administration period Rajasawardhana (ruler
of the 8th) and Girishawardhana possible succession crisis caused by
the Majapahit royal family broke into two groups.
1. Raden Wijaya, styled Kertarajasa Jayawardhana (1293 - 1309)
2. Kalagamet, styled Sri Jayanagara (1309 - 1328)
3. Sri Gitarja, styled Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi (1328 - 1350)
4. Hayam Wuruk, styled Sri Rajasanagara (1350 - 1389)
5. Wikramawardhana (1389 - 1429)
6. Suhita (1429 - 1447)
7. Kertawijaya, styled Brawijaya I (1447 - 1451)
8. Rajasawardhana, styled Brawijaya II (1451 - 1453)
9. Purwawisesa or Girishawardhana, styled Brawijaya III (1456 - 1466)
10. Pandanalas, or Suraprabhawa, styled Brawijaya IV (1466 - 1468)
11. Kertabumi, styled Brawijaya V (1468 - 1478)
12. Girindrawardhana, styled Brawijaya VI (1478 - 1498)
13. Hudhara, styled Brawijaya VII (1498-1518)
Heritage.
Majapahit has become a source of inspiration past glory to the people of Indonesia in the next centuries. Islamic sultanates of Demak, Pajang, and Mataram trying to gain legitimacy for their power through connections to Majapahit. Demak
claimed legitimacy of the offspring through Kertabhumi; its founder,
Raden Patah, according to the Chronicle, Chronicle of Demak court
declared the child Kertabhumi and a Chinese princess, who was sent out
of the palace before she gave birth. Conquest
of Mataram on Wirasaba year 1615 led by Sultan Agung itself has
significance because it is the location of the capital of Majapahit. Royal
courts of Central Java has a tradition and lineage of trying to prove a
relationship with the king of the Majapahit royal family - often in the
form of ancestral tombs, which in Java is an important evidence - and
legitimacy are considered to increase through the relationship. Bali
in particular have a large influence of Majapahit, and the Balinese
consider themselves the true successors of Majapahit culture.
The
mover of modern Indonesian nationalism, including those involved with
the National Awakening Movement in the early 20th century, has been
referred to as an example of Majapahit glorious past of Indonesia. Majapahit sometimes used as a reference political borders of the Republic of Indonesia today. In
the run propaganda of the 1920s, the Communist Party of Indonesia
delivered his vision of a classless society as the embodiment returning
from a romanticized Majapahit.
Sukarno
was also raised for the benefit of Majapahit national unity, while the
New Order to use it for the sake of expansion and consolidation of
state power. As the Majapahit, the modern Indonesian state covers a vast territory and politically centered on the island of Java.
Majapahit have a real impact and sustainability in the field of architecture in Indonesia.
Depictions
of the pavilion (pavilion) of buildings in the capital of Majapahit in
Negarakretagama book has become the inspiration for the architecture of
the palace buildings and the Temple in Java and community housing
complexes in Bali today.
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